山西师范大学外国语学院参考文献写作规范

2017-05-04 作者:小编

参考文献体例应符合《中国学术期刊(光盘版)的检索与评价数据规范》和《中国高等学校社科学报编排规范》,说明如下:

  • 文献目录应另页书写,外文文献排前,中文文献排后。
  • 文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。
  • 每条文献的类型代号(即文献英文名的首字母)注明在文献之后:

专著 [M]         学位论文 [D]       论文集 [C]

报纸文章 [N]     期刊文章 [J]         报告 [R]

专利 [P]   专著、论文集的析出文献 [A]

其他未说明文件 [Z]

电子文献中光盘图书 [M/CD] (MONOGRAPH ON CD)

网上期刊 [J/OL] (serial online)

联机网上数据库 (database online) [DB/OL]

各类参考文献写作规则及示例:

  1. MLA格式(Modern Language Association style

在MLA格式下,参考文献称作“Works Cited”,按作者姓以字母表顺序列出所有引用和参考而未引用的文献,如果作者的姓名未知,以文献标题的个主要单词(a, an 或the之后)为准;每一条文献条目的行不缩进,第二行缩进5个字符。

著作文献条目中应包括作者、书名和出版信息如下:

Author’s last name, first name. Title. Additional information. City of publication: Publisher, publication date.

1.独著

作者的姓在前,名(和中间名)在后。姓之后用逗号,名之后用句号。书名用斜体,书名中主要单词的首字母需大写,书名后加英文句号。接下来的是出版城市、出版商和出版年代;出版城市后用冒号,出版商后用逗号,出版年代后用英文句号。

范例:

Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, 1963.

2.两至三名作者

此种情况只把作者的姓与名颠倒;第二、第三作者姓名顺序保持不变。后两个作者名之间用and连接。

范例:

Horton, Rod W. and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1952.

Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979.

  1. 四名或以上作者

个作者的名与姓颠倒,姓后用逗号,再接et al.表示“及其他人”,接句号。

范例:

Belenky, Mary Field, et,al. Women’s Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986.

  1. 作者不详

以集体名称开始。如:

American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1994.

5.匿名作者

以书名开始,以书名的个主要单词(a, an 和 the之后)按字母表顺序列入参考文献中。如:

The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980.

6.同一作者两本或更多著作

以书名个主要单词的首字母按字母表顺序排列先后,作者的姓名放在条文献条目前,第二条文献条目前用三个连字号或一个破折号表示。如:

Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.

A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.

7.编著

一名编者,编者的名和姓后用逗号,加“ed.”(表示editor)。两名或以上编者,在后一名编者的姓名后加“eds.”。集体编著,在位编者的名和姓后+逗号+“et al.”+逗号+“eds.”。如:

Frye, Northrop, ed. Romanticism Reconsidered. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.

Glotfelty, Cheryll and Harold Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Atherns: The University of Georgia Press, 1966.

Donadio, Stephen, et al., eds. Emerson and His Legacy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986.

8.译著

作者名和姓放在文献条目之首。译者姓名放在书名之后,译者姓名前加入“Trans.”(表示Translator)。

Author’s last name, first name. Title. Trans. Translator’s full name. City of publication: Publisher, publication date.

范例:

Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1961.

如果是针对译本的研究,先给出译者的名字,后面接逗号和缩略词“trans”

而把作者的名字放到书名的后面,前面加上“by”。如:

Couslon, Jessie, trans. Crime and Punishment. By Feodor Dostoevsky. Ed. George Gibian. New York: Norton , 1964.

9.第二版或以上著作

书名后注明第几版。如:

Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 5th ed. Ft. Worth: Harcourt, 1993.

  1. 论文集里的文章

作者名和姓放在文献条目之首,文章题目使用双引号,论文集名使用斜体,文集名后+ Ed.(表示editor)+编辑姓名+句号;条目后注明所在页数。

Author’s last name, first name. “Article title”. Book title, Ed. Editor’s full name. City of publication: Publisher, Publication date. Page number.

范例:

Wellek, Rene. “Romanticism RE-examined.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. 75-98.

Hall, Stuart, “Minial Selves.” Studying Culture. Eds. Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan. Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993. 131-142.

11.多卷或多册著作

书名后注明第几册或第几卷。如:

Plato. Laws. 2 vols. Trans. R. G. Bury. Leob Classical Libery. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1926.

12.序、前言、后记

序言或后记的作者名和姓放在条目之首;之后注明序言或后记;书作者姓名由By引导,放在书名之后;条目后注明出处所在页数。

writer’s Last name, first name (and middle name) of the introduction. Introduction (or Preface, Foreword, Afterword). Book title. By author’s full name of the book. City of Publication: Publisher, publication date. Inclusive pages.

范例:

Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. Introduction. Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier. By Joanna L. Stratton. New York: Simon, 1981. 11-15.

13.期刊文章

文章题目带引号。期刊名称使用斜体。接着是期刊卷目,出版年代和出处所在页数。

按期刊类型可以分为两类:

(1)Author’s last name, first name. “Article.” Journal Volume (year): inclusive pages.

(2)Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Periodical day/month/year: inclusive pages.

范例:

Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the ‘Diminished Thing’.” American Literature 60 (1988): 645-52.

Davis, Sherri Heckler. “The Zen Art of Prewriting.” New Mexico English Journal 12. 1 (1988): 21-23

14.周刊或双周刊文章

Hoagland, Edward. “Standing Tough in the Desert.” New York Times Book Review 7 May 1989: 44-45.

  1. 月刊或双月刊文章

Weiss, Philip. “The Book Thief: A True Tale of Bibliomania.” Harper’s Jan. 1994:37-56.

16.报纸文章

Intraub, Anna Jinagwang. “How I learned to Read.” New York Times. 13 Jan., 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Oage 16.

如果作者未知,从文章题目中的个主要单词开始(a, an, the之后)。如:

“Learn English through Football.” 21st Century Supplement 21 Feb. 2002: III.

  1. 网络著作

需要给出浏览日期和详细网址。

Author’ last name, first name. Title. Additional information. Publication information. Date of access<network address>

范例:

Emerson, Ralph waldo. Essays: First Series. 1841. 12 Feb. 1997 <.ftp: //ftp. Books.com/ebooks/Nonfiction/Philosophy/Emerson/history.txt>

Minkova, Donka and Robert Stokwell. English Words. 2001. 22 Sept. 2001<http: // cf. linguistlist.org/cfdocs/new-website/LL-WorkingDirs/pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=22>.

18.网络文章

Author’s last name, first name. “Title.” Name of the Journal or Periodical Volume or Issue Number (Date of Publication). Date of access<network address>.

范例:

Rogers, Michael. “The Practical Futurist: The Secret of Online Romance.” Newsweek Newsweek Web Exclusive (October, 2002). 28 Dec., 2002<http: // nl. Newsbank.com/nl-search/we/archives?p_action=list&p_topdoc=11>.

19CD-ROM

Author’s last name, first name. Title of the Publication. Additional information. Publication, medium. Edition or release. City of publication: publishing company, publication date.

范例:

“Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.

  1. 未发表的论文

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the dissertation”. Diss. University, graduation date.

范例:

Sakala, Carol. “Maternity Care Policy in the United States: Toward a More Rational and Effective System.” Diss. Boston U, 1993.

(说明:论文名称用双引号,并用Diss 注明。同时附上所属大学及毕业年份的相关信息。)

  1. 发表的论文

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the dissertation”. Diss.University, graduation date. City of publication: publishing company, publication date.

范例:

Sakala, Carol. Maternity Care Policy in the United States: Toward a More Rational and Effective System. Diss. Boston U, 1993. Paris: PUF, 1982.

中文参考文献格式说明:

一. 文献类型表示代码

M:专著;            R:报告;

C:论文集;          A:论文集中的析出文献;

N:报纸文章;        S: 标准;

J:期刊文章;         P:专利;

D: 学位论文;         Z:不属于上述文献类型的采用此标识

二.专著

[美]亨利·詹姆斯 (James, Henry ). 小说的艺术[M]. 朱雯等译. 上海: 上海译文出版社, 2001.

徐世荣 (Xu, Shirong). 普通话语音常识[M]. 北京: 语文出版社, 1999a.

徐世荣 (Xu, Shirong). 汉语语音学[M]. 北京: 语文出版社, 1999b.

申丹 (Shen, Dan). 叙述学与小说文体学研究(第2版)[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社,2001.

  1. 三. 论文集
  2. 奥斯丁 (Austin, L.). 论言有所为[C] (辑). 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 1979.

四.报刊文章

朱小玲, 李家友 (Zhu, Xiaoling and Li Jiayou). 浅谈英语课业评语的作用[N]. 英语辅导报. 2003 (33).

李大伦 (Li, Dalun). 经济全球化的重要[N]. 光明日报, 1998-12-27, (3).

五.期刊文章

林汝昌 (Lin, Ruchang). 教学语言--- 一个仍有待研究的问题[J]. 外语界, 1996 (2).

张德明 (Zhang, Deming). 诗歌意象的跨文化比较[J]. 中国比较文学, 1997 (2).

赵毅衡 (Zhao, Yiheng). 小说叙述中的转述语[J]. 文艺研究,1987 (5).

六.学位论文

刘伟 (Liu, Wei). 汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京: 北京师范大学心理系. 1998.

七.报告

白秀水, 刘敢, 任保平(Bai, Xiushui, Liu Gan and Ren Baoping). 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安: 陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心,1998.

  1. 八. 论文集中的析出文献

钟文发 (Zhong, Wenfa). 非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A]. 赵玮. 运筹学的理论与应用--- 中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C]. 西安: 西安电子科技大学出版社, 1996. 468-471.

钱冠连 (Qian, Guanlian). 对比语言学者的历史重任[A]. 杨自俭. 英汉语比较与翻译[C]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000. 50-60.

(说明:析出文献主要责任者. 析出文献题名[A]. 原文献主要责任者. 原文献题名[C]. 出版地:出版社,出版年. 析出文献起止页码.)

九. 其他

高校外语专业教学指导委员会 (Gao xiao wai yu zhuan ye jiao xue zhi dao wei yuan hui ). 高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[Z]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社/上海外语教育出版社,2000.

中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室 (Zhong guo she hui ke xue yuan yu yan yan jiu suo ci dian bian ji shi). 现代汉语词典(修订本)[Z]. 北京:商务印书馆,1996.

十.电子文献

王明亮 (Wang, Mingliang). 关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].

http://www.cajcd.edu.cn/pub/wml.txt/980810-2.htm, 1998-08-16/1998-10-04

(说明:主要责任者. 电子文献名[电子文献及载体类型标识]. 电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期或引用日期. )

  1. APA格式(American Psychological Association style)

在APA格式下,如果仅仅列出文中引用的文献,称作“References”;如果列出所有引用或参考的文献,称作“Bibliography”。以作者姓首字母按字母表顺序进行排列;如果作者的姓名未知,以书名或题目的个主要单词的首字母为准。文献条目的行不缩进,第二行缩进五个字符。

APA格式和MLA格式略有不同,以下为详细说明:

著作文献条目中包含作者、出版日期、书名和出版信息如下:

Author’s last name, initials for the first and middle names. (publication date). Title. Additional information. City of publication: publisher.

1.独著

作者姓在前,名(和中间名)只需给出大写首字母缩写形式。出版年代紧跟其后,放在括号中。之后是书名和出版信息。

范例:

Banbrough, R. (1963). The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library.

Smith, J. R. (1997). Writing tricksters: narrative strategy and cultural identity in Maxing Hong Kingston, Louise Erdrich, and Toni Morrison. Berckley: U of California P.

  1. 两名或以上作者

所有作者姓名都需要倒置,即姓在前,名在后,名只需给出大写首字母缩写形式。后两位作者之间用逗号和“&”隔开。

范例:

Horton, R. W., & Edwards, H. W. (1952). Backgrounds of American literary thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Atwan, R., Mcquade, D., & Wright, J. (1979). Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Adveftising the American way. New York: Dell.

  1. 集体作者

以集体名称开始。

American Psychological Association. (1994). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association.

  1. 作者不详

以书名中个主要单词的首字母按字母表顺序列入参考文献中。如:

The New York Times atlas of the world. (1980). New York: New York Times Books.

5.同一作者两本或更多著作

以书名中个主要单词按字母表顺序决定两个文献条目的先后顺序。第二个条目的作者名和姓重复。如:

Bloom, H. (1973). The anxiety of influence: A theory of poetry. New York: Oxford UP.

Bloom, H. (1975). A map of misreading. New York: Oxford UP.

  1. 编著

在编者姓名后括号内注明“Ed”或“Eds”(表示editor或editors)。如:

Glotfelty, c., & Fromm, H. (Eds.). (1966). The ecocriticism reader: landmarks in literary ecology. Athens: The U of Georgia P.

  1. 译著

作者姓名在条目之首。译者姓名放在书名后括号内,不需倒置,之后加逗号和“Trans.”(表示translator)。如:

Freud, S. (1961). Civilization and its discontents. (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton.

  1. 第二版或以上著作

书名后括号内注明第几版。

Fromkin, V., & Rodman, R. (1993). An introduction to language (5th ed.) Ft. Worth: Harcourt.

  1. 论文集中的文章

Author’s last name, initials of first and middle names, (publication date). Title. In Editor’s initials of first and middle names. last name (ed.), Book name (pp. inclusive pages). City of publication: Publisher.

文章题目不用引号或下划线或斜体。论文集名使用斜体,之后括号内注明参考文章所在页码。如:

Wellek, R. (1963). Romanticism re-examined. In N. Frye (ed.), Romanticism reconsidered (pp. 75-98). New York: Columbia UP.

Hall, S., (1993). Minial Selves. In A. Gray & J. McGuigan (Eds.), Studying culture (pp. 131-142). Arnold: Hodder Headline Group.

10.多卷或多册著作

书名后注明第几卷或第几册。如:

Plato. (1926). Laws (2 vols.). New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

11.期刊文章

期刊文章文献条目应包含作者、题目、期刊信息、所在页码,文章题目不用引号、下划线或斜体,期刊名使用斜体。根据期刊类型可分为两类:

(1) Author’s last name, first name. (year). Article title. Journal, volume: inclusive pages.

(2) Author’s last name, first name. (year, month date). Article title. Periodical, inclusive pages.

范例:

Maguire, L. H. (1980). The Canon and the ‘Diminished thing.’ American Literature 60, 645-52.

Davis, S. H. (1998). The Zen art of prewriting. New Mexico English Journal 12 (1), 21-23.

12.月刊或双月刊文章

作者姓名后括号内注明出版年、月。

Weiss, P. (1994, January). The book thief: A true tale of bibliomania. Harper’s, 37-56.

  1. 周刊或双周刊文章

作者姓名后括号内注明出版年月日。

Hoagland, E. (1989, May 7). Standing tough in the desert. New York Times Book Review, 44-45.

14.报纸文章

Intraub, Anna Jiangwang. (2002, January 13). How I learned to Read. New York Times. Section 4, Column 6, Page 16.

如果作者未知,从文章的个主要单词(a, an 和the 之后)开始:

Learn English through football. (2002, February 21). 21st Century Supplement, p. B3.

15.网络著作

Author’s last name, initial (s). (date of publication). Title. [On-line]. Available: <network address> (date of access).

如:

Emerson, R. W. (1841). Essays: First series. <ftp: // ftp.books.com/ebooks/Nonfiction/

Philosophy/Emerson/history.txt> (1997, February 12).

Minkova, Donka and Robert Stockwell. (2001). English Words. <http: //cf. linguistlist.org/cfdocs/new-website/LL-Working-Dirs/pubs/books/get-book. Cfm?BookID=22> (2001,September 22).

16.网络文章

Author’s last name, initial (s). (date of publication). Title of article. Name of Periodical. [On-line]. Available: <network address> (Date of access).

如:

Rogers, Michael. (2002, October 1). The Practical Futurist: The Secret of Online Romance. Newsweek Newsweek Web Exclusive. [On-line]. <http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search

/we/Archives?p_action=list&p_topdoc=11> (2002, December 28) .

17CD-ROM

Author’s last name, initial (s). (date of publication). Title of the publication. Additional information. [CD-ROM]. City of publication: publishing company.

如:

The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. (1992). [CD-ROM]. Oxford: Oxford UP.

文内文献引用

文内文献引用要求附夹注,应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名(英文只注姓),出版年代和引文页码。若为转引文献,则加quoted in字样。例:

“. . .”(王佐良,1982:38) . (注意:句末句号放在括号外。)

“. . .” (Newmark, 2001: 26-33)

“. . .” (quoted in Newmark, 1998: 3)

若同一引文引自多于一项的文献,则各文献间用分号隔开,如“. . .” ( Blackemore, 1999; 2002; 2004)

文中引用的文献字体和字号与正文其他部分一样,用双引号标注,不需要改变字体和字号。如果所引用的文献超过四行,则应单独放置,与正文其它部分隔开,不加引号,整体缩进两倍于段落开头的距离,不改变字体和字号。

例如:

The story of Tristan and Isolde tries to tell people that love is insatiable. The two souls bound together by the divine love are untied in death. While talking about Tristan and Isold, Richard Wagner mentioned,

Thanks to the potion their passion suddenly flares up and they have to confess mutually that they belong only to each other. And now there aere no bounds to the longing, the desire, the bliss and the anguish of love: the world, power, fame, glory, honor, chivalry, loyalty, friendship, all swept away like chaff, an empty dream; only one thing is felt alive: yearning, yearning, insatiable desire, ever reborn—languishing and thirsting; the sole release—death, dying, ecxtinction, never more to wake! (quated in Dahlhaus, 1979:50)

参考文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的,不应出现在参考文献中。

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